What is a bitcoin protocol & how does it work?

Could you please elaborate on the concept of a Bitcoin protocol and explain how it functions? I'm curious to understand the underlying technology that enables this decentralized digital currency to operate. I've heard about blockchain technology being the backbone, but I'd like a more detailed explanation of how the Bitcoin protocol leverages it to achieve secure, peer-to-peer transactions without the need for a central authority. What are the key components of the protocol, and how do they work together to ensure the integrity and security of the Bitcoin network?