Who benefits from user fees?

Could you please elaborate on the topic of "Who benefits from user fees?" in the context of cryptocurrency and finance? Are you referring to the fees charged by cryptocurrency exchanges, wallets, or other platforms? Are there specific stakeholders, such as the platform operators, miners, or even users themselves, who stand to gain from these fees? How does the distribution of these benefits impact the overall ecosystem and its participants? It would be interesting to understand the nuances and implications of this question in more detail.